Hey, I ran into something similar on Ventura. The trick that worked for me was wrapping the osascript call in a small shell script and calling that from PD instead of running the AppleScript directly.

So instead of:
osascript -e "set volume output volume 50"

Try creating a shell script like this:

bash
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Edit
#!/bin/bash
osascript -e "set volume output volume 50"
Save it as setvol.sh, make it executable (chmod +x setvol.sh), and then call it from PD using ggee/shell.

This worked for me when the direct call was silently failing inside PD. Let me know if it helps!